Neural tube defects are a common problem that affects approximately 300,000 babies worldwide each year. Fortunately, preventive measures and regular prenatal care can significantly lower your child’s risk, ensuring a healthy, complication-free pregnancy.
What Are Neural Tube Defects?
Neural tube defects, or spinal dysraphisms, are a group of birth defects that affect the brain and spinal cord. They change the shape and overall function of certain body parts, resulting in long-term health and developmental problems.
A growing baby’s neural tube forms during the first month of pregnancy. It starts as a flat band and slowly evolves into a tube. If the flat band is unable to close along the seam, portions of the spine or its protective covering can push out of your baby’s back.
How Are Neural Tube Defects Diagnosed?
Non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPT) are unable to screen for neural tube defects, but it is still possible to determine your baby’s risk before giving birth. Your primary care physician or OB/GYN might recommend a screening test such as a Quad Screen or Ultrasound.
If your results show an increased risk of a neural tube defect, they can order a diagnostic test, like amniocentesis, for confirmation. Amniocentesis typically occurs between weeks 15-20 of your pregnancy. It involves your primary care physician or OB/GYN extracting a sample of amniotic fluid and sending it to a lab for additional testing.
What Are The Most Common Types Of Neural Tube Defects?
There are various neural tube defects, but four of the most common include:
Spina bifida occulta. Spina bifida occulta is one of the mildest neural tube defects. It causes a separation between one or several vertebrae and rarely presents obvious symptoms. Many people with spina bifida occulta don’t realize anything is wrong unless the condition is discovered during diagnostic imaging tests like X-rays or an MRI.
Anencephaly. Anencephaly is a neural tube defect that occurs in about 1 of every 4,600 births. It affects the formation of the skull and brain and typically results in premature death. Babies who have anencephaly are often born without a forebrain or cerebrum. The portions of the brain and skull that do form are typically exposed (not covered by skin).
Meningocele. Meningocele is a type of spina bifida that causes a visible sac to extend from a baby’s spinal column. The sac can be located at the top or bottom of the spine, is enveloped in the skin, and contains spinal fluid. Meningocele typically doesn’t damage any neural tissues, so there’s no risk of learning disabilities or muscle problems. It’s possible to correct meningocele via minimally invasive surgery.
Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome
Tethered spinal cord syndrome is one of the rarest neural tube defects. It occurs when tissue attachments form, limiting the flexibility of the spinal cord. Over time, these attachments cause the spinal cord to stretch in an abnormal position. It’s possible to treat and correct using surgery.
What Can I Do If My Child Is At Risk?
Your primary care physician or OB/GYN can answer any questions you may have and explain options for birth and treatment.
To access additional information and insights about neural tube defects, click here.
